BEST Pie Pans for Baking: Top 10 Picks!
Achieving a perfectly golden, flaky pie crust often hinges on the fundamental equipment used, and the right pie pan is paramount. When exploring the best pie pans for baking, consider factors like heat distribution, material conductivity, and crust crispness. Beyond simple aesthetics, the thermal properties of these baking vessels directly influence the final texture and appearance of your pies.
Beyond simple aesthetics, the thermal properties of these baking vessels directly influence the final texture and appearance of your pies. Understanding the nuances between materials like aluminum, ceramic, glass, and stainless steel can elevate your baking results significantly. From achieving even browning to facilitating effortless release, the best pie pans incorporate design elements that cater to both amateur and professional bakers.
Delve into the specifics to uncover the essential features that distinguish a great pie pan from a merely adequate one.
Your Perfect Pie Pan Awaits!
1. GoodCook Everyday Pie Pan Scratch-Resistant Nonstick Heavy Duty Steel Construction

Elevate your baking with the GoodCook Everyday Pie Pan, designed to deliver consistently delicious results for all your favorite pies. This durable, nonstick bakeware ensures effortless release and easy cleanup, making it a must-have for home bakers seeking perfection.
Crafted from heavy-duty steel, this 9-inch pie dish promises even heat distribution for beautifully golden crusts every time. Its robust construction resists warping, guaranteeing longevity and reliable performance for countless baking endeavors, from classic apple to rich pecan pies.
Pros
- Even Baking Performance: Delivers superior heat distribution, preventing hot spots and ensuring your pie crusts bake to a perfect golden brown and are thoroughly cooked.
- Effortless Release & Cleaning: The advanced scratch-resistant nonstick coating allows for easy pie removal and simplifies cleanup, while its metal-spatula-safe design means you can serve directly from the pan.
- Durable & Long-Lasting: Constructed with heavy-duty steel, this 9-inch pie pan is built to withstand frequent use, resisting warping for years of reliable baking.
- User-Friendly Design: Featuring wide-rim sides, it offers a secure grip for easy handling when removing the hot pan from the oven, even with oven mitts.
Cons
- While the nonstick is metal-spatula safe, using abrasive cleaners might still affect the coating over extended periods.
For anyone looking for a dependable pie pan that simplifies the baking process from start to finish, the GoodCook Everyday Pie Pan is an excellent choice. Its combination of durability, nonstick functionality, and user-friendly features makes it ideal for crafting everything from festive holiday pies to everyday sweet treats.
2. USA Pan Bakeware Aluminized Steel Commercial Pie Pan, Set of

Achieve golden-brown crusts and perfectly cooked fillings with the USA Pan Aluminized Steel Commercial Pie Pan Set. Designed for home bakers and aspiring pastry chefs alike, these durable 9-inch pans ensure professional-quality results and effortless release every time, making them an essential addition to any kitchen.
Crafted from heavy-gauge aluminized steel, this set of two commercial-grade pie pans is engineered for superior heat distribution and exceptional durability. The innovative corrugated surface promotes optimal air circulation, guaranteeing evenly baked pies and straightforward removal of your delicious creations, while the advanced nonstick coating simplifies cleanup.
Pros
- Exceptional Even Baking: The unique corrugated surface of these metal pie dishes allows for superior air circulation, preventing soggy bottoms and ensuring your pies are baked to a perfect golden-brown consistency.
- Effortless Release & Cleanup: Featuring the patented Americoat nonstick silicone coating (PTFE, PFOA, and BPA-free), baked goods slide out with ease, and minimal soap and water are needed for cleaning, streamlining your baking process.
- Commercial-Grade Durability: Constructed from heavy-gauge aluminized steel, these pie tins offer robust performance and longevity, resisting warping and dents for consistent use in home kitchens.
- Proudly Made in the USA: Manufactured by a family-owned company with over 50 years of experience, these pie molds represent a commitment to quality and domestic production.
Cons
- Hand Wash Recommended: While the nonstick coating is durable, hand washing is advised to maintain its integrity and prolong the life of these high-performance pie plates.
For those seeking reliable and high-quality pie baking tools, the USA Pan Bakeware Aluminized Steel Commercial Pie Pan Set offers a compelling solution. Elevate your homemade pies, tarts, and quiches with pans designed for consistent performance and lasting durability, delivering professional-level results from your own oven.
3. MORA Ceramic Pie Pan for Baking – 9 inch –

Embrace mindful baking with the MORA Ceramic Pie Pan, a beautiful 9-inch vessel designed to inspire moments of calm in your busy life. Its name, meaning Pause in Latin, serves as a gentle reminder to slow down and savor the process of creating delicious pies, transforming your kitchen into a sanctuary of relaxation.
Crafted from a proprietary 20% stronger Paladin Clay, this pie tin offers superior durability and exceptional heat performance. The extra deep sides and fluted edges ensure your pies bake evenly and present beautifully, making it an indispensable tool for both novice bakers and seasoned pie artists seeking the best pie pans for baking.
Pros
- Superior Durability & Heat Distribution: Constructed with unique Paladin Clay that’s 20% stronger than competing ceramic bakeware, this pie pan provides excellent heat retention and even heating for perfectly golden crusts and thoroughly cooked fillings.
- Thoughtful Design for Perfect Pies: Featuring a generous 9-inch interior diameter and 2.5-inch deep sides, it accommodates standard pie recipes. The elegantly fluted edges simplify crimping, creating picturesque pie crusts effortlessly for stunning presentation.
- Exceptional Thermal Resistance & Easy Cleanup: This durable ceramic baking dish is resistant to thermal shock, allowing safe transitions from freezer to oven (no preheating needed) and withstanding temperatures over 500°F, while the crystallized, non-stick glaze ensures quick release and simple dishwasher cleanup.
- User-Friendly & Safe Materials: The lead-free, cadmium-free crystallized glaze is exceptionally strong, resisting scratches even from metal utensils, making it a practical choice for everyday use and a worry-free addition to your kitchenware collection.
Cons
- While highly durable, the ceramic material may still require careful handling to prevent chipping or cracking from significant impacts, typical of most ceramic bakeware.
The MORA Ceramic Pie Pan is more than just a baking tool; it’s an invitation to a more mindful approach to cooking. For anyone seeking high-quality pie dishes that blend aesthetic appeal with superior functionality for consistently delightful homemade pies, this 9-inch ceramic wonder stands out as an excellent choice.
4. Le Creuset Stoneware 9″ Heritage Pie Dish, White

Elevate your baking with the Le Creuset Stoneware 9 Heritage Pie Dish in classic White. Crafted for both beauty and performance, this essential bakeware piece promises perfectly browned crusts and even cooking, making every pie a masterpiece. Experience the difference quality stoneware makes for your favorite sweet and savory creations.
Experience the difference quality stoneware makes for your favorite sweet and savory creations.
This exquisite pie dish, constructed from the finest quality stoneware, delivers exceptional heat distribution, ensuring your baked goods achieve uniform browning without hot spots. Its superior heat retention qualities keep your delicious pies warm for serving, while the vibrant, non-reactive glaze resists scratches, stains, and flavor absorption, guaranteeing lasting beauty and pristine taste.
Pros
- Exceptional Heat Uniformity: The dense stoneware construction provides even heat distribution and superior heat retention, crucial for achieving perfectly cooked pie crusts and fillings every time.
- Durable & Easy-Care Glaze: The non-porous, non-reactive surface is scratch-resistant, stain-resistant, and prevents flavor transfer, making cleanup a breeze and ensuring the dish remains beautiful for years.
- Versatile Temperature Range: With unmatched thermal resistance from -9°F to 500°F, this dish is safe for freezer storage, microwave reheating, and oven baking, offering incredible versatility for your meal prep and serving needs.
- Effortless Food Release: The smooth interior enamel facilitates easy food release, preventing sticking and simplifying the entire serving and cleaning process after baking.
- Timeless Aesthetics: The elegant white finish and Heritage design add a touch of sophisticated charm to any kitchen or dining table, making it suitable for everyday use and special occasions.
Cons
- While durable, dropping stoneware can cause breakage, so it requires careful handling similar to other ceramic bakeware.
For anyone seeking the best pie pans for baking, the Le Creuset Stoneware 9 Heritage Pie Dish stands out. Its blend of functional excellence and elegant design makes it a cherished addition to any kitchen, perfect for creating memorable pies, quiches, and tarts.
5. USA Pan Bakeware Aluminized Steel Pie Pan, 9-Inch

Elevate your home baking with the USA Pan 9-Inch Pie Pan, engineered for exceptional results. Crafted from heavy-gauge aluminized steel and featuring a distinctive corrugated surface, this pan is designed for bakers who demand professional-quality pies every time.
This commercial-grade, 9-inch pie vessel is built to last, utilizing sturdy aluminized steel for even heat distribution. Its unique fluted design promotes optimal air circulation, ensuring beautifully golden and perfectly cooked crusts while simplifying the removal of your delicate pastries.
The pan is finished with Americoat, a safe, nonstick silicone coating free from PTFE, PFOA, and BPA, making it a reliable choice for everyday baking.
Pros
- Superior Crust Browning and Release: The innovative corrugated surface not only enhances air circulation for uniformly baked bottoms but also aids in the effortless release of your finished pies, preventing sticking and preserving delicate pastry structures.
- Durable, Professional-Grade Construction: Manufactured from heavy-gauge aluminized steel, this pie baking essential offers exceptional durability and heat conductivity, designed to withstand frequent use in demanding kitchen environments.
- Safe and Nonstick Baking Surface: Coated with Americoat, this pan provides a reliable nonstick experience without the presence of harmful chemicals like PTFE, PFOA, and BPA, ensuring healthier baked goods and easier cleanup for home bakers.
- Made in the USA with a Legacy of Quality: Proudly produced by a Bundy Family Company with over 50 years of experience, you can trust in the high standards of American craftsmanship and dedication to quality bakeware.
Cons
- Hand Wash Recommended: While the nonstick coating is robust, hand washing is advised to maintain its integrity and ensure the longevity of the pan, unlike some dishwasher-safe alternatives.
For anyone seeking to consistently bake perfect pies, the USA Pan 9-Inch Pie Pan stands out as a top-tier baking tool. Its thoughtful design and robust construction make it an invaluable addition to your kitchen arsenal, delivering professional-level results for fruit pies, quiches, and more.
6. LE TAUCI Ceramic Pie Pans for Baking, 9 Inches Pie

Elevate your baking with the LE TAUCI Ceramic Pie Pans, the perfect 9-inch stoneware dishes designed for creating stunning, evenly baked pies. Experience the difference that quality ceramic makes for picture-perfect crusts and delightful fillings, turning everyday baking into an art form.
This versatile 2-piece set of ceramic pie tins, each measuring 9 inches in diameter and 7 inches in height, is ideal for fruit pies, savory pot pies, quiches, and even store-bought crusts. The charming wave edge design not only aids in crimping dough for a beautiful presentation but also provides a secure grip, making handling easier.
The charming wave edge design not only aids in crimping dough for a beautiful presentation but also provides a secure grip, making handling easier.
Pros
- Healthier Baking Choice: Crafted from durable, high-grade porcelain, these ceramic pie dishes offer superior heat distribution compared to metal bakeware, ensuring perfectly baked results without imparting metallic flavors.
- Effortless Dough Shaping: The distinctive fluted rim design facilitates easy crimping of pie dough, creating decorative edges and providing a practical guide for a professional-looking crust every time.
- Exceptional Durability & Versatility: Made from heat-safe ceramic, these pie pans are freezer, microwave, and oven safe up to 482°F, boasting a highly resistant glaze that prevents odor and flavor absorption for long-lasting use.
Cons
- While durable, ceramic pie dishes can be more susceptible to chipping or cracking from hard impacts compared to some metal pie pans.
For home bakers seeking exceptional quality and consistently beautiful results, these LE TAUCI ceramic pie pans are an outstanding investment. They are perfect for everything from classic apple pies and quiches Lorraine to comforting fruit crisps, offering a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing baking experience.
7. MALACASA Ceramic Pie Pan, Pie Pan for Baking 9 Inch,

Achieve bakery-quality results at home with the MALACASA Ceramic Pie Pan, your new go-to for crafting perfect pies, tarts, and quiches. This 9-inch deep dish pie pan delivers exceptional heat distribution for consistently golden crusts and evenly cooked fillings, transforming your baking endeavors into delightful successes.
Expertly constructed from high-grade, high-purity ceramic, this pie dish resists staining, cracking, and odor absorption, ensuring long-lasting durability and pristine presentation. Its substantial 36oz capacity and deep fluted edges are designed for both aesthetic appeal and practical performance, making it an indispensable tool for any home baker seeking reliable and beautiful pie baking solutions.
Pros
- Even Heating for Perfect Crusts: The high-quality ceramic material provides superior heat retention and distribution, leading to a uniformly golden and flaky pie crust every time you bake; essential for any well-made pie.
- Versatile Temperature Resilience: Transition seamlessly from freezer to hot oven with this oven-safe, microwave-safe, and freezer-safe pie pan, simplifying meal prep and serving your delightful dishes straight to the table.
- Ergonomic Fluted Edge Design: The distinctive fluted rim offers a secure grip for easy handling and transfer, while also creating an attractive decorative edge on your baked creations, enhancing your homemade pies and tarts.
- Non-Stick & Effortless Cleanup: Experience the convenience of a natural non-stick surface that releases baked goods without sticking, making serving and cleaning a breeze; simply wash by hand or pop it in the dishwasher.
- Multi-Functional Baking Dish: Beyond pies, this robust 9-inch pie baking pan is ideal for a variety of dishes including quiches, cheesecakes, casseroles, savory meat pies, and even pizzas, showcasing its versatility as a premium baking dish.
Cons
- Minor Cosmetic Imperfections: As is typical with hand-finished ceramic items, very small imperfections like slight color variations or occasional black spots may be present; these are normal manufacturing characteristics and do not impact the usability or beauty of the pie plate.
The MALACASA Ceramic Pie Pan stands out as an excellent choice for those seeking both performance and elegance in their bakeware. If you’re looking for reliable pie pans for baking that offer consistent results and effortless cleanup, this deep dish ceramic pie dish is a wise investment for your kitchen.
8. Lodge 9 Inch Cast Iron Pie Pan – PFAS-Free Pre-Seasoned

Unlock the secret to flawlessly baked pies with the Lodge 9 Inch Cast Iron Pie Pan. Say goodbye to disappointing, soggy bottoms forever. This indispensable baking tool is engineered to deliver consistent heat distribution, ensuring every homemade creation boasts a perfectly golden-brown, irresistibly flaky crust that will impress your family and friends.
This indispensable baking tool is engineered to deliver consistent heat distribution, ensuring every homemade creation boasts a perfectly golden-brown, irresistibly flaky crust that will impress your family and friends.
Beyond exceptional pie crusts, this robust cast iron pan excels at a variety of culinary tasks. Its generous 9-inch diameter makes it ideal for baking large cinnamon rolls, producing moist cornbread, or even preparing small, savory roasts.
Pros
- Achieve superior crusts due to cast iron’s unparalleled heat retention, preventing the dreaded “soggy bottom” often found with glass or ceramic pie dishes.
- Experience remarkable versatility; this pan is perfect for pies, cobblers, large cookies, deep-dish pizzas, and even oven-baked skillet meals.
- Enjoy a naturally PFAS-free, continuously improving non-stick surface as the pan’s vegetable oil seasoning builds up with continued use.
- Utilize it across all heat sources, from conventional ovens and stovetops to outdoor campfires, offering unparalleled flexibility for any cooking environment.
- Benefit from the integrated dual handles, designed for a secure and comfortable grip when transferring your hot, delicious baked goods from heat to table.
Cons
- Requires diligent care and seasoning maintenance to prevent rust and maintain its non-stick properties, which may be more involved than non-stick coated aluminum pie tins.
The Lodge 9 Inch Cast Iron Pie Pan is an investment for home bakers seeking professional-level results. Its robust construction and superior heat-holding capabilities make it the ideal choice for anyone serious about achieving the perfect homemade pie crust, ensuring delicious baking for years to come.
9. Cuisinart Chef’s Classic 9-Inch Nonstick Bakeware Deep-Dish Pie Pan

Elevate your home baking with the Cuisinart Chef’s Classic 9-Inch Nonstick Deep-Dish Pie Pan. Designed for home bakers seeking professional results, this pan ensures beautifully golden crusts and effortless releases, making every pie a masterpiece. It’s the ideal culinary companion for those who cherish creating delicious, impressive desserts.
Crafted from heavy-gauge aluminum steel, the Cuisinart AMB-9DP offers superior heat distribution for consistent baking, preventing hot spots and ensuring even cooking. Its extra-thick rolled edges provide structural integrity, resisting warping even under intense oven temperatures. The advanced nonstick interior guarantees easy food release and simplifies cleanup, making post-baking chores a breeze.
This deep-dish pie baker is perfect for crafting classic apple pies, berry cobblers, and savory quiches.
Pros
- Even Heat Distribution: Heavy-gauge aluminum steel construction promotes uniform baking, crucial for achieving a perfectly cooked pie crust every time, from the edge to the center.
- Warp-Resistant Design: Extra-thick rolled edges provide enhanced durability, ensuring the pan maintains its shape through countless baking sessions, avoiding the frustration of a warped pie pan.
- Effortless Release & Cleanup: The premium nonstick interior allows for easy removal of your baked goods and significantly reduces cleaning time, a major advantage for busy bakers.
- Deep-Dish Versatility: The generous 9-inch depth is ideal for generous fillings, perfect for deep-dish fruit pies, robust pot pies, and other hearty baked dishes.
Cons
- Requires hand washing to preserve the integrity of the nonstick coating and prevent damage, which may be a slight inconvenience for those accustomed to dishwasher use.
For home bakers demanding reliability and excellent performance, the Cuisinart Chef’s Classic Nonstick Deep-Dish Pie Pan stands out. Its robust build and superior nonstick properties contribute to stress-free baking and beautiful results, making it a valuable addition to any kitchen.
10. 10×2in Deep Ceramic Pie Pan with Handles for Pie Quiche

Elevate your baking with the Yamteck 10×2-inch Deep Ceramic Pie Pan, meticulously crafted for health-conscious bakers. This premium pie dish delivers consistent results for a variety of recipes, making it an essential addition to your kitchen bakeware collection.
Experience superior baking performance with this robust ceramic pie pan, designed with deep 2-inch walls to accommodate generous fillings for pies, quiches, and other baked delights. Its durable construction ensures even heating and prevents unwanted sticking, promising a delightful baking experience from oven to table.
Pros
- Health-Conscious Baking: Constructed from lead and cadmium-free ceramic, this pie dish offers peace of mind for families prioritizing healthy meal preparation, ideal for everyday baking of pies, quiches, and custards.
- Ergonomic & Secure Handling: Featuring sturdy, heat-proof dual handles that are ergonomically designed, the pie pan provides a comfortable and secure grip, making it easy and safe to transfer hot dishes from oven to countertop.
- Generous Deep-Dish Capacity: With a substantial 2-inch depth, this 10-inch porcelain tart pan is perfectly suited for deep-dish pies and voluminous quiches, accommodating generous American-style portions.
- Stable & Safe Serving: The specially engineered non-slip base ensures the pie pan remains stable during transport and serving, minimizing the risk of messy spills and ensuring your beautifully baked creations arrive intact.
- Versatile & Gift-Ready: Beyond pies and quiches, this elegantly designed ceramic bakeware is also excellent for casseroles, baked lasagna, and sweet potato dishes, making it a thoughtful and practical gift for any baking enthusiast or for festive occasions like Thanksgiving and Christmas. It is also oven, microwave, dishwasher, freezer, and air fryer safe.
Cons
- While heat-proof, handling hot bakeware always requires caution, and prolonged immersion in water might be less ideal for preserving the ceramic’s pristine finish over extended periods.
For those seeking a reliable and healthy pie baking companion, the Yamteck Deep Ceramic Pie Pan stands out. Its thoughtful design, from the secure handles to the deep capacity, makes it perfect for creating impressive pies and quiches for family gatherings or as a cherished gift.
Choosing the Best Pie Pans for Baking
Material matters for flaky crusts
The foundation of a perfectly flaky crust often begins with the vessel it’s baked in, as material composition plays a pivotal role in heat distribution and retention.
Understanding how different materials interact with heat is key to achieving that desirable crispness. Aluminum, for instance, is renowned for its exceptional conductivity, rapidly and evenly transferring heat to the dough, which helps prevent soggy bottoms and promotes browning.
Glass offers a beautiful way to observe the baking process and provides remarkably even heat diffusion, leading to consistent results, though it can sometimes take longer to heat up. For those prioritizing longevity and robustness, stainless steel presents a highly durable option, capable of withstanding frequent use without warping, though its heat conductivity isn’t as high as aluminum’s.
When considering ease of use and cleanup, nonstick coatings are a popular feature. While they simplify crust removal, their effectiveness can vary, and some may degrade over time or with aggressive scrubbing. The ideal choice balances efficient heat management for crisping, durability for long-term value, and a surface that facilitates effortless pie extraction.
Size and depth: finding the right fit
The dimensions of your baking vessel are paramount to achieving a perfectly baked dessert, influencing everything from crust-to-filling ratios to overall presentation.
Opting for the standard 9-inch pie pan is a safe bet for most recipes and familiar outcomes, providing a balanced proportion for a classic fruit or cream pie. However, if you envision towering meringue-topped creations or exceptionally bountiful fruit fillings, a deeper model becomes essential; these raised sides prevent dreaded overflow during baking and offer a more generous slice.
It’s also wise to consider the spatial constraints within your oven, ensuring your chosen pie dishes can comfortably rest on the racks during the baking process without impeding air circulation or colliding with other items.
Ultimately, the right vessel size and depth will accommodate your desired filling volume, align with your serving needs, and fit seamlessly within your kitchen equipment.
Ease of use and cleaning
Effortless handling and maintenance are paramount for a positive baking experience.
The practical realities of pie making extend beyond the oven; consider how easily your chosen vessel will transition from baking to serving and finally, to cleanup. A pan that is dishwasher safe significantly reduces post-meal chores, freeing up more time for enjoyment and less for scrubbing.
The texture of the pan plays a crucial role in crust release – a slightly textured or fluted edge can help prevent sticking and ensure a beautiful, intact crust, whereas overly smooth interiors might require extra greasing. Sturdiness is also vital; you need a robust construction that can safely support a hot, heavy pie without bending or deforming when you lift it from the oven.
Furthermore, think about storage – flexible silicone pans can be rolled or folded, while rigid metal or ceramic options may require more dedicated shelf space.
Ultimately, a well-designed pie dish simplifies every step of the process. Many materials offer dishwasher-safe convenience, but check manufacturer guidelines.
For pans needing hand washing, look for rounded corners and seamless construction to prevent batter from getting trapped. Sturdy metal pie tins often offer excellent heat conductivity for crispier crusts, but can be prone to denting if not stored carefully.
Ceramic and glass pie plates provide elegant presentation and are generally microwave-safe, but can be breakable and require careful stacking to avoid chips.
Quick Best Pie Pans For Baking Buying Checklist
- Material Choice: Select a material like aluminum, glass, or stainless steel based on your baking preferences and desired crust results.
- Size and Depth: Ensure the pie pan’s diameter and depth are suitable for your recipes and oven capacity.
- Non-Stick Coating: Opt for a reliable non-stick surface if you prefer easier pie release and cleanup.
- Durability: Look for sturdy construction that will withstand frequent use and hot oven temperatures without warping.
- Ease of Cleaning: Consider whether the pan is dishwasher-safe or requires hand washing for convenient maintenance.
- Edge Design: Check for rolled edges or fluted designs that help with crimping crusts and provide a finished look.
FAQ’s
What Is The Best Material For A Pie Pan?
Aluminum pans offer excellent heat conductivity for crispy crusts, while glass allows you to monitor browning and is oven-to-table friendly. Stainless steel is durable but can have less even heating.
Should I Get A Deep Or Shallow Pie Pan?
A deep pie pan is ideal for pies with generous fillings like fruit or cream pies. Shallow pans work well for tarts or single-crust pies where a thinner filling is desired.
Are Non-Stick Pie Pans Worth It?
Non-stick pie pans can make it easier to remove pies without sticking, and they often simplify cleanup. However, the coating can wear off over time.
How Do I Prevent My Pie Crust From Sticking To The Pan?
Greasing and flouring your pan before adding the crust, or using a good quality non-stick pan, can help prevent sticking. Some bakers also prefer parchment paper lining for extra security.
Can I Use Any Pie Pan In Any Oven?
Most standard pie pans made of metal or glass are safe for conventional ovens. Always check the manufacturer’s instructions, especially for pans with non-stick coatings or special materials, and avoid using metal pans in microwaves.
Final Words
Selecting the right pie pan transforms your baking experience, promising golden crusts and easy release every time. From the conductivity of metal to the visual appeal of glass, the best pie pans for baking offer durability and consistent results.
